Lignin content
To determine ash-free lignin content, 1 g of sample is treated with 20 ml of 72% sulfuric acid in a 100 ml beaker, stirred, and...
Read Article Book Tests
Ash content
Ash was determined by burning the material in a muffle furnace in a porcelain crucible first at 400°C for 30 minutes, then at 8...
Read Article Book Tests
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
A few grams of sample were dissolved in 0.5 ml of deuterated solvent, transferred to an NMR tube, and analyzed using an Nanalys...
Read Article Book Tests
Thermogravimetric Analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted on biomass residues using a TGA-Q500 analyzer at standard pressure. Samples were...
Read Article Book Tests
CHNS/O Analyzer
The ELEMENTRAC CS-i elemental analyzer measures carbon and sulfur concentrations in solid samples by melting them in a pure oxy...
Read Article Book Tests
Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Instrument & Method: A Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) was used to determine particle size distributi...
Read Article Book Tests
Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)
Sample Preparation: The sample was dried in solid state to protect the equipment. Approximately 2 mg of the sample was weig...
Read Article Book Tests
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
XRD Analysis Procedure Summary (Rigaku MiniFlex 600) Instrument Setup: Powered on XRD and set 30 kV, 15 mA, temperature 21–...
Read Article Book Tests
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)
QUANTACHROME NOVA4200e Sample Prep & Analysis – Summary Sample Prep: Weigh sample into cell. Insert cell into heating ma...
Read Article Book Tests