Hemicellulose content
Alpha cellulose, the portion of cellulose insoluble in 17.5% sodium hydroxide, is determined by treating 3 g of pulp or holocel...
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Lignin content
To determine ash-free lignin content, 1 g of sample is treated with 20 ml of 72% sulfuric acid in a 100 ml beaker, stirred, and...
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Ash content
Ash was determined by burning the material in a muffle furnace in a porcelain crucible first at 400°C for 30 minutes, then at 8...
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
A few grams of sample were dissolved in 0.5 ml of deuterated solvent, transferred to an NMR tube, and analyzed using an Nanalys...
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Thermogravimetric Analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted on biomass residues using a TGA-Q500 analyzer at standard pressure. Samples were...
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CHNS/O Analyzer
The ELEMENTRAC CS-i elemental analyzer measures carbon and sulfur concentrations in solid samples by melting them in a pure oxy...
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Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Instrument & Method: A Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) was used to determine particle size distributi...
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Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)
Sample Preparation: The sample was dried in solid state to protect the equipment. Approximately 2 mg of the sample was weig...
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X-ray diffraction (XRD)
XRD Analysis Procedure Summary (Rigaku MiniFlex 600) Instrument Setup: Powered on XRD and set 30 kV, 15 mA, temperature 21–...
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